The Use of Slavic Loanwords and Hybrids from Konstantinas Sirvydas’s Promptuarium Dictionum Polonicarum, Latinarum et Lituanicarum (1620) in Dictionarium Trium Linguarum (1642)

Abstract

Among other seventeenth-century texts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the dictionaries of Konstantinas Sirvydas are distinguished by their thematic scope. At that time, most texts were of a religious nature, influenced by polemics between representatives of different confessions, which led to a narrower lexicon. However, Sirvydas’s dictionaries included words from the spoken language of the time, which even covered the aspects of everyday life. His works serve as an excellent source for studying the lexicon of the Lithuanian language of that period as they contain numerous borrowings, derivatives, compounds, and occasional derivatives. Sirvydas’s dictionaries Promptuarium Dictionum Polonicarum, Latinarum et Lituanicarum (1620; hereinafter SPr) and Dictionarium Trium Linguarum (1642; hereinafter SD) differ not only in their scope but also in the words included. Although the later edition is more extensive, it often lacks the headwords found in the earlier dictionary. Differences are also evident in the borrowed lexicon, which can be divided into four groups: (1) words or their nests attested only in SPr (e.g., furmonas SPr32, furmonystė SPr32, furmonyti, -ija, -ijo SPr32), (2) words attested only in SD (e.g., čyžė SD44, čyžinykas SD44, čyžinis SD44); (3) borrowed words present in both sources (e.g., parakas SPr140, SD345; parakaunyčia SPr140, SD345), and (4) the cases where at least one word from the nest is attested in either SPr or SD (e.g., paramas SPr140, SD346; paramnykas SPr146). In this study, the first group of words was analysed in an attempt to determine why Slavic loanwords and derivatives with Slavic roots attested in SPr were excluded from SD. The material was assigned to several categories: Slavic loanwords and hybrids attested only in SPr are absent in SD because the later edition of the dictionary lacks the corresponding Polish headwords (e.g., Pol. fryjerka/Lith. prierka SPr32/- SD). In SD, the translation of the same Polish words replaces Slavic loanwords (e.g., Pol. furman/Lith. furmonas SPr32/Lith. vežtojas, vėžėjas SD65). SPr provides multiple Lithuanian words for translation, whereas SD omits the Slavic loanwords or hybrids used in SPr and sometimes adds new synonyms (both single words and word combinations) (e.g., Pol. hetman/Lith. hetmanas, kariavedis SPr42/Lith. kariavedis SD82; Pol. więzienie/Lith. kalinė, turma SPr193/Lith. kalinė, saitai SD479). From the multiple Slavic borrowings or hybrids given in SPr, only one remains in SD for the same Polish word translation (e.g., Pol. kuczka/Lith. būdelė, tavorėlis SPr67/tavorėlis SD140). The way the translation is presented changes in SD: a descriptive sentence is introduced, leading to the omission of Slavic loanwords or hybrids used in SPr (e.g., Pol. kadzidło/Lith. kodylas SPr50/Lith. sakai vieno nedėlio ant rūkymo SD92).