Lithuanian Journal of Physics, Vol. 62, No. 3, pp. 161–170 (2022)
© Lietuvos mokslų akademija, 2022

MICROWAVE ELECTROMAGNETIC SHIELDING EFFECTIVENESS OF ZnNb2O6-CHOPPED STRANDS COMPOSITES FOR RADAR AND WIDEBAND (6.5–18 GHz) APPLICATIONS

E.İ. Şahin

Advanced Technology Research and Application Center, Adana Alparslan Türkeş Science and Technology University, Adana 01250, Turkey
Email: shnethem@gmail.com

Received 14 June 2022; revised 9 September 2022; accepted 12 September 2022

In this study, the  traditional mixed oxide process was used to create ZnNb2O6-chopped strands composites. The single phase compound with the chemical formula ZnNb2O6 was generated after sintering at 1100°C for 4 h. For the structural investigation, various quantities of ZnNb2O6-chopped strands were generated. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were carried out for the structural analysis, which indicated that the second phase did not form in ZnNb2O6. Additionally, the ZnNb2O6-strands composites were manufactured by hot pressing using the compositions of ZnNb2O6-chopped strands in various proportions and epoxy. The ZnNb2O6-chopped strands compound formed in various weights, and epoxy resin were used to fabricate microwave shielding effectiveness composites. Utilizing a network analyzer, the microwave shielding effect of ZnNb2O6-chopped strands composites was investigated in a range of 6.5–18 GHz. At a thickness of 1.5 mm, a minimum of –51.32 dB shielding effectiveness value was achieved at 6.75 GHz. The ZnNb2O6-chopped strands compounds were produced as composite and their features were characterized for shielding effectivacy. The content of components in the samples may be managed for the larger and needed frequency bands to change the microwave shielding performance.

Keywords: microwave shielding, ZnNb2O6, mixed oxide, chopped strands, matrix composites

1. Introduction

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is growing with the abundance of electronic equipment. Technological devices can be affected to a large degree by the signal radiation caused by EMI [1, 2]. Because of the increase in demand for high frequency applications in the radar, satellite communications, and mobile communication sectors, electromagnetic radiation and electromagnetic interference are currently viewed as a  serious threat [3]. EMI might be caused by a variety of reasons, including radio transmitters, antennas and lightning, which all produce in the far field [4]. Radiations created by EMI can harm the electronic applications to a large degree. The effects of these EMIs are disturbances in radio or video signals while a plane is flying at low altitudes. This can cause the digital machines to malfunction at high exposure and also impact people’s health [5, 6].

Besides there is a growing concern about harmful effects on human health of electromagnetic (EM) radiation, especially from future (5G) communication systems [7]. Providing a  shield that filters interference is the just option for preventing harmful radiation and shielding electronic equipment. The  shielding materials of solid and light weight is in high interest [8–10]. Through reflection or absorption of radiation power, EM shielding materials reduce interference by converting EM energy into thermal energy [11]. The best shielding material should have a  good electrical conductivity, perfect thermal conductivity and a high EMI shielding effect value [12, 13]. Reflection and absorbtion of EM waves is predicated on the  impedance matching of the  medium in free space and the  medium owing to the  material. Shielding reduces the  interaction between electromagnetic, electrostatic and wave fields. This behaviour is affected by the matter utilized, the shield thickness, the duration and frequency of fields of interest and the aperture orientation in a field to an incidence EM field [14, 15]. Shielding effective materials can be made more efficient by integrating dielectric grains into them, enabling the shielding material thickness decrease, another method is the  absorption/reflection of radiation by specific polymeric/metallic shielding materials placed near radiating components for electromagnetic interference shielding (EMIS) [16, 17]. Shielding effective materials are utilized as blockers to reduce the electromagnetic field in space by blocking the fields, for instance, shielding of radio frequency is usually the means of preventing radio waves and radiation [18].

Microwave dielectric materials are in great demand due to rapid improvements in microwave communication. ZnNb2O6 ceramics are gaining popularity because of their excellent dielectric microwave properties, low sintering temperature and inexpensive cost. The dielectric constant of the columbite-structured ZnNb2O6 compound is 25, Qxf (quality factor and resonant frequency) is 83.700 GHz, and the  temperature coefficient of resonant frequency is –56 ppm/°C [19–21]. In the columbite structure, ZnNb2O6 (zinc niobates) is a low loss dielectric material with an excellent dielectric permittivity, a  higher quality factor and a low temperature resonant frequency coefficient. The temperature of zinc niobate sintering is relatively low (~1200°C). Therefore, it is also commonly utilized in microwave communication tools as dielectric resonators [22]. ZnNb2O6 nano ceramics may be fabricated using a variety of processes, including solid state sintering and reaction sintering [23, 24]. Composite materials are made up of a mixture of two or more micro components that are insoluble in each other and have various forms. In the  high-performance composite fabrication industry, glass fibres (glass fibre roving or chopped strands) are amongst the  most significant reinforcements with excellent mechanic features in high performance composite fabricating industries [25]. Glass fibre is a cost-effective and all-purpose reinforcement for composites. It is corrosion-resistant and lightweight. The qualities of the  composite are determined by the  interface connection between the  glass fibres and the matrix resin [26]. The mat of chopped strands because of its perfect strength, moisture resistance, and electric and fire insulation compared to other composites, e-glass/epoxy composites, is also emerging as a potential material for maritime applications. Chopped strands are chopped from continuous glass fibres. The chopped strands are designed to resist the  rigours of compounding. Owing to their upper profile physical and chemical properties, they are mostly used in the  production of technical textiles such as automotive textiles, sports textiles, in the  aviation sector, wind turbine blades and textile reinforcement concrete [27]. In the previous research, the colemanite/PANI/SiO2 composites were measured, and their maximal electromagnetic shielding performance was –41.1  dB at 16.09  GHz at a thickness of 1.5 mm [28]. T-ZnO@Ag/silicone rubber composites were also tested for the electromagnetic shielding effect with 2  mm rubber layers [29]. The produced graphene nanocomposites were shown to have a  shielding effect value of –30  dB in the  X-band in another study  [30]. Furthermore, 0.25% multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites had the highest electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of –39 dB at 1.6 GHz [31]. The capacity of the shielding effect is proportional to how far the incoming electromagnetic wave goes through the  material. It is widely acknowledged that when the  shielding effectiveness is –10 dB, the entering electromagnetic wave is reduced by 90% while 10% passes to the opposite side [32, 33].

In this investigation, the  ZnNb2O6-chopped strands were generated as a  composite according to optimal parameters, and their shielding effectiveness properties were established. New composites were produced using epoxy at various proportions and ZnNb2O6-chopped strands were formed at different proportions by hot pressing. XRD (Bruker/Alpha–T) was used to determine these composites that were characterized. The microwave shielding effectiveness of ZnNb2O6- chopped strands composites was measured with a N 5230A PNA series network analyzer (Agilent Technologies) device that was able to measure EMI-SE in the 10 MHz–40 GHz frequency range, including certain radar frequency bands.

2. Experiment

2.1. Preparation of ZnNb2O6

The mixed oxide process was used to create ZnNb2O6 powder. ZnO (99.9%) was obtained from Merc powders, whereas Nb2O5 (Sigma-Aldrich: 99%) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich powders. Powders of ZnO and Nb2O5 were mingled in a stoichiometric ratio. Ball milling was employed to mix powders for 20 h, then zirconia balls were utilized to increase the mixture even more. To avoid evaporation losses, the  slurries were dried at 100°C for 20 h before being calcined at 600°C for 4 h in a hermetically sealed alumina crucible. The slurries were tested by weighing the specimens before and after calcination. The calcined powders were crushed in an agate mortar and sintered for 4 h between 1000 and 1200°C. After calcining at 600°C, the single-phase ZnNb2O6 powders were sintered at 1100°C. X-ray diffractometry (XRD-D2 Phaser Bruker AXS) was employed on the  Cu-Kα radiation (λ = 1.5406 Ǻ) in the range 2θ: 10–70° at a scan rate of 1°/min to characterize the phases in sintered ZnNb2O6. To observe the phases, a scanning electron microscope (JEOL 5910LV) was utilized to examine the microstructure and morphology of the samples. To increase conductivity, powder samples were put on a carbide tape and coated with Au/Pd alloy. The  chemical analysis was carried out using dispersive spectrometry (EDS, Oxford-Inca-7274). The microwave shielding effects of the ZnNb2O6-chopped strands composite materials were determined in a  range of 6.5–18 GHz using a N 5230A PNA series network analyzer device (Agilent Technologies).

2.2. Preparation of ZnNb2O6-chopped strands composites

After being pulverized in an agate mortar, the chopped strands were mingled in stoichiometric proportions with sintered ZnNb2O6 powders. Powders were mingled in ethanol in a plastic container for 20 h at 20–80 and 40–60 wt.%, respectively, according to the chopped strands – sintered ZnNb2O6 compositions in the  ethanol medium. Ball milling was employed to swirl particles in an ethanol medium within a plastic container for 20 h, then zirconia balls were utilized to increase the mixture even further. The slurries were dried for 20 h at 100°C, the composites were acquired by filtering and washing the  resultant mixture with deionized water and ethanol, then dried under vacuum for 24 h at 60°C for press. The characteristics of electromagnetic shielding efficacy of composites with varied molar ratios were investigated. The ZnNb2O6 -chopped strands composites with different ratios (strands  –  ZnNb2O6 (at 20–80 wt.%), strands – ZnNb2O6 (at 40–60 wt.%)) were manufactured to see how the  strands constituent affected the  electromagnetic shielding effect. The composites were made using chopped strands and ZnNb2O6. Hot pressing was used to create ZnNb2O6-chopped strands composites in varied ratios.

2.3. Preparation of epoxy-(ZnNb2O6-chopped strands) composites

ZnNb2O6-chopped strands composition powders and epoxy were moulded and cured to create the  composites. The  specimen powders were mixed with epoxy in a 5:1 weight ratio. Moulding was done in a hydraulic press at 5 MPa pressure and 150°C for 1  h. To evaluate the  shielding effect, they were formed into pellets with a diameter of 20  mm and a  thickness of 1.5  mm. Composites were fabricated using epoxy in certain ratios of ZnNb2O6-chopped strands to provide a broadband microwave shielding effect.

3. Results

3.1. XRD analysis of ZnNb2O6-chopped strands

To characterize the ZnNb2O6 and chopped strands, the  X-ray diffraction pattern was analysed. The XRD study of ZnNb2O6 annealed at 1100°C for 4 h demonstrated the formation of a single phase structure, as well as chopped strands (Fig. 1). Principal phases are designated as ZnNb2O6, as can be observed in the detection of ZnNb2O6 XRD analysis (Fig. 1, PDF Card No. 01-076-1827). The  single phase construction of powders was achieved by employing mixed oxide synthesis with the  appropriate calcination temperature and the elimination of any possible intermediary phases. All of the specimens were sintered for 4 h at 1100°C. The powders for ZnNb2O6 did not have a  secondary phase, according to XRD examination. The diffraction peaks of samples were compatible with ZnNb2O6-chopped strands and their phase structures remained single phase ZnNb2O6- pure chopped strands phase.

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Fig. 1. X-ray powder diffraction patterns of single phase ZnNb2O6 sintered for 4 h at 1100°C.

Furthermore, the synthesis of ZnNb2O6 is mainly temperature dependent, and high temperatures are occasionally used to produce single phases.

3.2. SEM analysis of ZnNb2O6

The specimens sintered at 1100°C for 4 h were investigated using SEM.

As suggested by the  XRD analysis, the  SEM analysis showed that only a ZnNb2O6 single-phase structure was formed in all samples, and no secondary phase or impurity in the  microstructure was found (Figs. 2(a, b)).

It was observed that grains with morphology compatible with each other were formed in the  microstructure. Most grains have a  spherical shape, no significant difference in composition was observed between grains with different morphologies in the EDS analysis. The results of the  EDS analysis applied to the  ZnNb2O6 grains gave results very close to the theoretical ZnNb2O6 composition (16.8% Zn, 53.9% Nb, 29.1% O). When particle size is evaluated at different magnifications, it is established that the grain size is compatible (Fig. 2(c)).

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Fig. 2. SEM images of single phase ZnNb2O6 sintered for 4 h at 1100°C (a) at ×5000, (b) at ×10000, (c) EDS analysis of ZnNb2O6 at ×5000.

3.3. EMI shielding measurements of ZnNb2O6-chopped strands

In the  range of frequency of 6.5–18  GHz, Fig. 3 demonstrates the frequency dependence of shielding effectiveness of the  epoxy-chopped strands/ ZnNb2O6 composites. For SE measurements, the N 5230A PNA series network analyzer (Agilent Technologies) was employed. Coaxial holders with adequate diameters that preserve 50-ohm impedance at the input and output ports were used to realize SE testing. As a baseline, a value without a sample was first measured. The samples were then sequentially inserted into the apparatus, always being uniformly pinched from three distinct places to provide a consistent pressure through the sample. The apparatus sent the  output values to the  computer, where SE is computed. The difference between the samples’s presence and absence was displayed in the computer as shielding effectiveness values. This flanged coaxial EMI SE tester is a flanged coaxial tester that maintains 50 ohm impedance over its whole length and has consistent diameters. The  specimen holder is an expanded coaxial transmission line with unique taper sections and matching notches that preserve a 50 ohm characteristic impedance over the whole length of the holder [34, 35]. By repeatedly measuring specimens with a smooth, 1.5 mm-thick and a rectangular form, the device’s measurement was checked. The  specimen thickness is a  critical dimension. For the best repeatability of SE measurements, reference specimen space and load specimen were identical in thickness, measured SE values of composites are dependent on geometry and orientation. The  performance value of the  shielding effect is connected to how far the  incoming electromagnetic wave passes through the  composite material. Among the  ZnNb2O6-chopped strands composites, the  microwave shielding efficacy of ZnNb2O6-chopped strands (at 60–40  wt.%) were clearly superior than those of ZnNb2O6-chopped strands (at 80–20  wt.%). There was just one band at 6.72 GHz with –51.32 dB in ZnNb2O6-chopped strands compositions (at 60–40 wt.%). This composite material reaches –34.47 and –36.25 dB, at 11.02 and 16.55 GHz, respectively. Moreover, in the frequency regions of 6.48 and 16.89 GHz, 16.95 and 17.64  GHz, it achieved a  shielding effectiveness below –10 dB. In addition, the compositions had a shielding effectiveness below –20 dB in frequency ranges of 6.5 and 6.84 GHz, 7.86 and 15.17 GHz, 17.54 and 17.88 GHz.

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Fig. 3. Shielding effectiveness of the epoxy-(chopped strands/ZnNb2O6) composites: all wt.20% epoxy-(40% chopped strands/60% ZnNb2O6) compositions, all wt.20% epoxy-(20% chopped strands/80% ZnNb2O6) compositions.

When the  quantity of zinc niobate powder increased and the  content of chopped strands dropped, the  ZnNb2O6-chopped strands compositions (at 80–20  wt.%) reached –29.76, –34.03, –32.89, –32.21, –33.12 and –31.1 dB, at 6.66, 7.39, 11.56, 16.55, 17.05 and 17.52  GHz, respectively. Furthermore, this composite material showed a  shielding efficacy below –20  dB in frequency regions between 9.19 and 11.72  GHz, 16.65 and 16.93 GHz. In contrast, it obtained a shielding effect below –10 dB in frequency ranges of 6.5 and 16.95 GHz, 17.31 and 17.66 GHz.

4. Discussion

The ZnNb2O6-chopped strands (at 60–40  wt.%) had a  better wideband shielding capability, with a value below –20 dB in a frequency range of 7.86 and 15.17 GHz. The multiple reflection effect, that is caused by internal reflections in the  shielding material, has an impact on EMI shielding and is most noticeable when there are plenty of big surface areas or interfacial regions present in the material. These composite materials with porous structures likely have a large specific surface area and a massive interior number of grain boundaries. These properties improve the wave shielding effectiveness; also lightness of the  porous structure played an important role. Interfacial polarization between chopped strands and ZnNb2O6 plays an important role in the electromagnetic shielding material. The performance of microwave shielding effect also depends on the  matching (coherence) of the impedance of irradiation on the surface of the  material. Chopped strands improve the matching impedance on the transmissions between the ingredients of composites. Meanwhile, sharp shielding effect peaks appear due to the resonance effect of holder geometry and reflection.

The purpose of shielding effectiveness (SE) test is to determine the  insertion loss due to introducing a material between the source and signal analyzer. There are several factors that have an impact on EMI shielding, and one of them is the reflection loss, which depends on how the  mobile charge carriers (electrons or holes) interact with the  incoming EM waves. The second is the  absorption loss, which is affected by the interaction of magnetic and electrical dipoles with EM waves. The third mechanism, known as the  multiple reflection effect, refers to internal reflections inside the  shielding material. This effect often manifests itself when there are many and sizable surface or interfacial regions. This occurrence is dependent on many reflections and refractions of electromagnetic waves, the  composite’s form, its microstructure and geometrical composition.

The sintered ZnNb2O6 with porous structures likely has a large particular surface area and a  massive interior number of grain boundaries. These characteristics enhance the shielding effectiveness; lightness is also a  valuable property of material.

The electromagnetic shielding material greatly benefits from the  interfacial polarization that occurs between chopped strands and ZnNb2O6. The matching (coherence) of the impedance of irradiation on the surface of the composite also affects the performance of the microwave shielding effect. Chopped semiconductor strands enhance the transmission impedance between the components of composites.

The multiinterfaces between ZnNb2O6 powder and chopped strands stimulate the improved electromagnetic shielding effect because of the existence of interfacial polarization. There are more collisions in the  surface spins when the  ZnNb2O6 crystallite size shrinks and its irregular areas expand.

The rise in the shielding effect peak widths may also be interpreted as an increase in the distribution of the  observed particle size in the  crystal structure.

Chopped strands based ZnNb2O6 composites have a  strong shielding effectiveness proportion for electromagnetic waves in a wide band region, and the microwave shielding action of novel composites may be modified in this technology by modifying chopped strands and ZnNb2O6 concentration. According to studies, the  concentration of chopped strands has an effect on the composite structure. The transmission of the material is influenced by chopped strands, which increases the shielding effectiveness.

5. Conclusions

Using the mixed oxide process, ZnNb2O6-chopped strands powders (at 60–40 and 80–20  wt.%, respectively) were produced. This is the  first investigation of epoxy-chopped strands/ZnNb2O6 composites that we are aware of. Controlling the chopped strands and the influence of ZnNb2O6 powder concentration on the specimens for the required frequency ranges allows for the easy adjustment of microwave shielding means. Because of the  simple and low-cost arrangement techniques and improved shielding effectiveness performance, ZnNb2O6-chopped strands composites have a promising future as microwave shielding effect. To improve the microwave shielding efficacy, chopped strands of ZnNb2O6 were utilized. The most effective shielding was observed in ZnNb2O6-chopped strands (at 60–40  wt.%) compositions  –  epoxy with a minimal SE of –51.32 dB at 6.72 GHz and 1.5  mm thickness. The  SEM analysis corroborated the XRD result, as single phase ZnNb2O6 in the composite. The microwave shielding features of ZnNb2O6-chopped strands composites show a variation depending on the amount of chopped strands. The  composition of epoxy-chopped strands/ ZnNb2O6 (at 60–40 wt.%) offers a high (absolute) shielding effectiveness value of under –20  dB at frequencies between 7.86 and 15.17 GHz. Between 6.48 and 16.89 GHz, this composite has a shielding effectiveness of less than –10 dB. The smaller (absolute) shielding effectiveness range is provided by compositions of epoxy-chopped strands/ZnNb2O6 (at 80–20  wt.%) with under –20  dB at frequencies between 9.19 and 11.72 GHz. This composite has a shielding effect of less than –10 dB in a frequency range of 6.5 to 16.95 GHz. The amount of chopped strands present has a  substantial impact on shielding efficacy qualities. This type of composite was created for the first time specifically for this purpose, and the  subject matter is quite limited. Microwave shielding capabilities of chopped strands based ZnNb2O6 composites may be investigated for a larger range of constituent contributions. The ZnNb2O6-chopped strands composite is promising for microwave shielding throughout a broad frequency band. For future research, the synthesis of the  chopped strands with ZnNb2O6 composite can be researched in more depth with different additives and ratios. In order to improve the microwave shielding, ZnNb2O6-chopped strands composites are being employed. In radar frequency and higher frequency ranges, the shielding effect and reflection loss of this composite with various dopant materials might be explored.

Acknowledgements

This work was made in honour of Prof. Dr. Ayhan Mergen, who passed away in 2017, Mr. Salim Sahin (died in 2014) and Ms. Emsal Sahin. We are very grateful to Prof. Dr.  Mesut Kartal, as well as to Prof. Dr.  Selcuk Paker and Prof. Dr.  Sedef Kent Pinar from Istanbul Technical University. For their assistance, we also acknowledge the Advanced Technology and Application Center at Adana Alparslan Türkes Science and Technology University.

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ZnNb2O6 SUSMULKINTŲ GIJŲ KOMPOZITŲ ELEKTROMAGNETINIO EKRANAVIMO EFEKTYVUMAS TAIKANT JUOS RADARUOSE IR PLATAUS (6,5–18 GHz) MIKROBANGŲ RUOŽO PRIETAISUOSE

E.İ. Şahin

Adanos Alparslan Türkeş mokslo ir technologijų universiteto Pažangių technologijų tyrimų ir taikymo centras, Adana, Turkija

Santrauka

Šiame tyrime tradicinis mišraus oksido procesas buvo naudojamas ZnNb2O6 susmulkintų gijų kompozitams sukurti. Vienfazis junginys, kurio cheminė formulė yra ZnNb2O6, buvo sukurtas 4 valandas sukepinus jį 1100 °C temperatūroje. Struktūriniam tyrimui buvo sukurti įvairūs ZnNb2O6 susmulkintų gijų kiekiai. Struktūrinei analizei buvo atlikta rentgeno spindulių difrakcija (XRD), skenuojamoji elektronų mikroskopija (SEM) ir energijos dispersinė rentgeno spektroskopija (EDS), ir jos parodė, kad antroji ZnNb2O6 fazė nesusidarė. Be to, ZnNb2O6 susmulkintų gijų kompozitai buvo pagaminti karšto presavimo būdu, naudojant įvairių proporcijų ZnNb2O6 susmulkintų gijų kompozicijas ir epoksidą.

ZnNb2O6 susmulkintų gijų junginys įvairiais svorio santykiais ir epoksidinė derva buvo naudojami mikrobangų ekranavimo efektyvumo kompozitams gaminti. Naudojant tinklo analizatorių tirtas ZnNb2O6 susmulkintų gijų kompozitų mikrobangų ekranavimo efektyvumas 6,5–18  GHz diapazone. Kai storis yra 1,5 mm, pasiekta didžiausia (pagal modulį) –51,32 dB ekranavimo efektyvumo vertė, esant 6,75  GHz. ZnNb2O6 susmulkintų gijų junginiai buvo gaminami kaip kompozitai, o jų savybės apibūdintos siekiant užtikrinti ekranavimo kokybę. Komponentų proporcijos pavyzdžiuose gali būti parenkamos pritaikant juos tam tikriems dažniams ar reikalingoms dažnių juostoms, siekiant reikalingo mikrobangų ekranavimo.