Filosofija. Sociologija

Title

Lietuvos mokslų akademija — 2026-09-23

The Odyssey of Post-modernity: Caught Between Experience and Technology

Alfredas Buiko — 2026-09-23

Philosophy is a discipline inherently linked to human condition and human activity. It researches both how humanity experiences the world, and how humanity changes and affects the world. Nevertheless, the question of news technologies made the whole situation even muddier, because at least since the dawn of modernity, humanity and the ways humanity experiences the world have been just as strongly changed by technology (or maybe even in a stronger, more radical way) as the world was. This article analyses the relationship between the ways experience changes humanity, and how, in turn, technology changes both experience and humanity as well. The paper is divided into two parts: one analysing the experience and its effects, and the other analysing technology and its consequences.

The Importance of the Conception of Life for the Philosophy of Sustainable Development: Bergson’s Contribution

Povilas Aleksandravicius — 2026-09-23

Bergson’s conception of life can provide the basis for the philosophy of the doctrine of sustainable development. The paper distinguishes not only three essential components of the doctrine (ecology, economy, social policy), not only two contexts necessary for its implementation (technologies, culture or a change in the way of thinking), but also the specifics of the inter-relationship among all these structural parts of the doctrine. By analysing two modalities of the experience of life, articulated in Bergson’s philosophy, it is shown how the implementation of the doctrine of sustainable development is structurally dependent on them. Each of the components of the doctrine is analysed in interaction with the élan vital and its fundamental expression in human consciousness which Bergson calls ‘creative emotion’.

The Phenomenology of Sustainability: From Ontic Indicators to the Search for Ontological Meaning

Hasan TUTAR — 2026-09-23

This study examines how sustainability should be understood not merely as a set of measurements and targets, but as a more profound philosophical concept. By temporarily suspending the instrumental and technical approaches dominant in current sustainability discourse, the study aims to uncover the fundamental conditions upon which the concept’s meaning rests. A phenomenological method was adopted in the study, examining how sustainability is experienced as a matter of ‘meaning’ and ‘value’ and how it is linked to a sense of responsibility. The study’s central argument is that measurable indicators (ontic level) gain legitimacy only when they are compatible with this deeper existential ground (ontological level) that gives them meaning. Through temporal consciousness and narratives, it is demonstrated how the act of ‘sustaining’ creates a continuity between the past, present and future.

Heideggerian Notes on Science Education

Nerijus — 2026-09-23

The article discusses issues, trends and possibilities in current education in Heideggerian terms. It follows a previous article that introduced the relevancy of Heideggerian philosophy for the topic of education. The approach of formal indication and the issues of deworlding and Being-in-the-world were explored. The reader may have been left with the question whether this approach to teaching and learning is only relevant to humanities and akin fields or to sciences as well. Hence the exploration in this second part continues with respect to the relevancy of an ‘other’ relation to language (logos) because currently education, like current sciences, supervenes on a Being-forgetful notion of ratio, whereas ‘reworlding’ and ‘reontologizing’ have to do with other possibilities.er possibilities .

Cultural Hybridisation and the Perspective of Transcultural Philosophy in Jean-Yves Heurtebise’s Theory

Tautvydas — 2026-09-23

This article aims to define the main features of questioning the differences between Western and Eastern civilisations in 21st-century transculturalism, highlighting the main signs of change in relation to traditional comparativism. The main focus is on the intersections between the thinking traditions of Chinese and Western civilisations. By reviewing Jean-Yves Heurebise’s analysis of this issue and his insights, the article seeks to identify the essential signs of change and differences in comparative studies (comparative studies) in relation to transculturalism. The article provides a concise overview of different concepts of culture and civilisation in the humanities and attempts to define and understand the images of Chinese and Western civilisations from the perspective of this theorist.

Alternative Archival Ecologies of Memory: Mnemonic Significance of Body and Media

Mindaugas Briedis — 2026-09-23

This article explores how memory is shaped by media ecologies, emphasising embodied and postcolonial perspectives. Challenging digital and Eurocentric archival practices and its infrastructures, we examine the disembodiment of memory in digital environments and advocate for alternative, embodied forms of remembrance. Drawing on thinkers such as Stiegler, Simondon, Derrida and Foucault, the text underscores the ontological and political stakes of archiving. Through case studies from Latin America and philosophical inquiry, the article proposes a revaluation of bodily practices, local traditions, and intersubjective rituals as vital infrastructures for cultural memory, justice, and epistemic diversity in a digitised and globalised world.

The Soviet Look (Le regarde) in Lithuania

Leonard Stone — 2026-09-23

This paper consolidates an existentialist understanding of the Soviet Look. A significant aspect of Jean-Paul Sartre’s existentialist philosophy, gaze theory or the look (Le regarde), is redeployed within the context of Soviet Lithuania, a pertinent choice as Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir visited Lithuania in 1965. The primary aim thereof is to reconstruct the Soviet look from a Sartrean perspective. A primary problematic is integral to the Soviet look; a look whose raison d’être is to fix the Soviet Lithuanian as an objective world, a being-in-itself [1’etre-en-soi], in the face a contradictory need, as the Lithuanian self, to have an authentic lived experience, a Lithuanian being-for-itself [l’etie-poui-soi]. The process of objectification, of the Lithuanian subject, occurs without an immediate gaze which means that the kernel of the Soviet look is that it turns the subject into an object not so much as in absentia, but rather in an atmospheric, attunement manner. While the attributes of the Soviet look are referenced, including its controlling, panoptic presence, a crucial existentialist contribution is that the Soviet gaze is in bad faith.

Reflection on Visual Art in the Philosophy of Experience

Ieva Dubnova — 2026-09-23

Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjama meno refleksija fenomenologijos ir hermeneutikos kontekste. Remiantis Edmundo Husserlio ir Algio Mickūno idėjomis, aptariama fenomenologinės redukcijos reikšmė meno patyrimui, taip pat nagrinėjamos Maurice’o Merleau-Ponty idėjos apie intersubjektyvumą ir kūniškumą. Siekiama supažindinti skaitytoją su hermeneutine meno refleksijos samprata ir palyginti Hanso-Georgo Gadamerio horizontų susiliejimo ir fenomenologinės redukcijos būsenas patiriant kūrybą. Straipsnyje aptariama, kaip asmuo reflektuoja estetinę patirtį, išryškinant subjekto svarbą meno suvokimo procese ir atskleidžiant sąmonės ir kūrinio prasminį ryšį. Keliamas klausimas, ar menas gali būti suvokiamas spontaniškai ir ar įmanoma jo refleksija atsiribojus nuo išankstinio žinojimo ir pasitelkiant vien dabarties patyrimo akimirką. Keliama hipotezė, kad meno kūrinys tampa būties įvykiu tada, kai ikirefleksinis patyrimas įgalina dailininko perspektyvą virsti tiesiogine egzistencine patirtimi.

The Rupture of Being: From the Ontological Abyss of War to the Transfigured Self

Olena Romanova — 2026-09-23

This article analyses the ‘rupture of being’ as a limiting existential experience caused by war. It examines the ontic state in which a traumatic past permeates the future, forming a ‘trace of inevitability’ and leading to a radical collapse of the predictable world. Based on a synthesis of S. Zweig’s existential-biographical method, Z. Bauman’s theory of liquid modernity, R. Kearney’s narrative hermeneutics, and J.-L. Marion’s phenomenology, this study examines metaphysical entropy through the prism of ‘saturated phenomena’. The author’s concepts of ‘bleeding nationhood’ and the ‘Icon of Nationhood’ are utilised as analytical tools. The study conceptualises the ‘wounded human’s’ path of initiation: a transition from the paralysing Idol of war to the Living Countenance. This encounter determines the transformation of the personal core. Through this rebirth, the phenomenon of the Living Icon is revealed, ensuring salvation directly from the epicenter of chaos. Overcoming the rupture of being and emerging from the ontological abyss is achieved through spiritual initiation. This process replaces rigid constructions with a new architecture of consciousness and a dynamic renewal of the spirit, creating a sustainable bridge to the recovered Logos.

Neo-Nomads in the Digital Space: Mobile Identity in the Age of Informational Rhizome

Inna Kovalenko — 2026-09-23

Contemporary reality, marked by dynamism, rhizomatic structures, and digital technologies, gives rise to a new model of human existence – digital nomadism. Combining poststructuralist analysis, a philosophical-cultural approach, and a hermeneutic interpretation of digital culture, the authors argue that the digital nomad is not merely a new lifestyle, but a profound anthropological and cultural shift that transforms conceptions of identity, community and reality itself. The conclusions emphasise the processual, fragmented and technologically dependent nature of digital identity, which manifests within an antinomic, mosaic and ‘elusive’ cultural space.

Technoscience and the Shift of Civic Ideals: Ethical and Cultural Dimension

Oksana Chursinova — 2026-09-23

The impact of modern technological advances on the changing cultural, ethical and social ideals has been of interest in recent decades. The proponents of technological determinism are convinced that the essential basis of culture is technology as it shapes its semantic context and determines civic ideals. However, the developers of cultural constructivism state that technologies themselves are shaped by cultural values and practices, thus acting as an integral part of their functioning. The article demonstrates the one-sidedness of these approaches, showing that the relationship between technology, culture, and social ideals is neither linear nor uniquely determined. It rather involves the processes of adaptation, transformation, and mutual formation. With this in view, the method of analysis and the comparative method were used in the article. The conclusion about the ambiguity of this mutual influence and mutual creation has been made. The latest technologies, on the one hand, create favourable conditions for the revival of culture and ethics. On the other, they pose a serious challenge to the very foundations of our humanity. It has been stated that for the ‘survival’ of a human and the culture in the conditions of a new technological reality, a new rationality is required, that is, a clear understanding of who we are, where we are going and why. This, in its turn, necessitates the ethics, aimed at developing clear moral norms regarding the creation of new technological and scientific opportunities and their controlled use to minimise negative impacts on humans, their values and ideals.

Unfinished Rituals: The Double-edged Sword of Digital Afterlives

Sherman XIE — 2026-09-23

This study aims to reveal the impact of AI resurrection on the mental health of bereaved relatives. The study primarily employs qualitative research and case analysis methodologies.
AI resurrection has a significant dual impact on the mental health of bereaved relatives. On the positive side, AI resurrection can provide an immediate emotional comfort (such as alleviating acute grief and making up for the regret of unspoken goodbyes), assist in psychological healing (as a buffer for trauma and reducing feelings of loneliness), and contribute to cultural continuity (preserving voices, memories, and fulfilling wishes). Cases have shown that it can lower anxiety and depression scores, helping users gradually adapt to reality. However, the misuse of AI resurrection technology can easily hinder the normal grieving process, causing users to become immersed in the illusion that the deceased is still present, delaying acceptance of reality; it may also trigger cognitive dissonance (emotional dependence despite knowing it is virtual), psychological dependency (such as a digital painkiller), distortion of memory and emotions, and social withdrawal. Long-term reliance may lead to complicated grief or depression.
Therefore, ethical guidelines and legal supervision are needed to balance the application of AI resurrection technology, preventing it from being perverted into a digital prison.

Can Artificial Intelligence be Socratic?

Aiste Dirzyte — 2026-09-23

This essay introduces the concept of Socratic Intelligence (SI) and proposes five premises: (1) artificial and human agents learn through observation, interaction, and reflective examination of those interactions; (2) what is learned depends on metacognition and reinforcement; (3) SI comprises five interlocking dimensions: epistemic curiosity, critical self-awareness, assumption analysis, dialogical competence, and intellectual humility; (4) Generative SI, embedded in Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) or Large Language Models (LLMs), can scaffold human learning; and (5) Generative SI can apply the Socratic method recursively to a system’s own computational processes as a form of internal epistemic self-regulation. We situate SI within several philosophical traditions: Plato’s elenchus and docta ignorantia, Aristotle’s phronesis, virtue epistemology on intellectual humility, Dreyfus’s critique of cognitivism, and recent epistemology of LLMs. We argue that SI construct gives the philosophy of AI a normative vocabulary that interfaces classical philosophy with current machine-learning practice.

AI, Probability, and Kurt Gödel

John W. Murphy — 2026-09-23

Probability is central to the functioning of AI. But LLMs tend to regularly hallucinate, or respond to interaction or other inquiries in improbable ways. Nonetheless, through proper training AI can be transformed into an increasingly closed system of options, thereby creating more certainty and improving the decisions made by this technology. Scaling is the process touted regularly to achieve this aim. Nonetheless, the creation of closed systems is in question following the work on logic by Kurt Gödel. Subsequent to Gödel’s incompleteness theorem, the creation of any closed is in jeopardy. The impact of this discovery for understanding probability is important, including the functioning of AI. The implications of Godel’s work on logic and AI, particularly the ability of AI to more closely mimic human decision-making is examined to make AI more socially relevant.

Artificial Intelligence from the Perspectives of Philosophy, Sociology and Communication

Edvardas Rimkus — 2026-09-23

The article discusses the main ideas presented at a scientific conference on artificial intelligence viewed from the perspectives of philosophy, sociology and communication. AI cannot be regarded merely as a narrow technical or computer science topic, since its development raises fundamental questions about the nature of the human mind, the cognitive capacities and creativity of the human being, and the development of society. The papers presented at the conference reveal not only the new opportunities that AI opens up for humanity, but also the risks it poses in education, media, politics, warfare, artistic creativity, social inequality, human self-understanding, and other domains. The article shows that AI’s ability to perform various tasks quickly and efficiently does not mean that it can take over what is most essential to human beings – understanding, interpretation, value orientations, the creation of meaning, and a responsible relationship with other people and with the natural and social environment. Therefore, the development of AI compels us to consider not only what technologies can do better or faster than human beings, but also what still remains beyond the reach of algorithms – lived experience, embodiment, creative intention, moral responsibility, and the capacity to reflect on the meaning of one’s actions. The article argues that AI should be understood not only as a technological system, but also as a social, cultural and political force reshaping human values and everyday life. It concludes that AI must be assessed in an interdisciplinary way, taking into account not only criteria of innovation or performance, but also its consequences for human beings, democracy, and meaningful human existence.

Freedom of Speech: What Rights and what Responsibilities?

Joe Pilotta — 2026-09-23

The review analyses a monograph published by Peter Lang Publishing in 2024 and authored by Tomas Kačerauskas and Algis Mickunas, the book focuses on the lived experience and structures of awareness that make communication possible. Their approach centres on the difference between freedom of speech and free speech. Freedom of speech is a right, as legally granted by a government. Free speech, in one sense, sits at the basis of civilisation.