Influence of gibberellin inhibitors on the accumulation and redistribution of various forms of carbohydrates and nitrogen-containing compounds in plants of Solanum melongena L.

INTRODUCTION

The study into the regularities of the functioning of the donor-acceptor system of plants and the  development of the  means of exogenous regulation of the  transfer of flows of assimilates and their orientation to economically important tissues and organs is an urgent task of modern phytophysiology. The  application of retardants and ethyleneproducts makes it possible to change the tension of the donor-acceptor system of the plant due to the regulation of growth processes, photosynthesis, and redistribution of streams of plastic substances from the vegetative organs to the needs of carpogenesis (formation and growth of fruits), which ultimately optimizes the crop production process (Kuryat, Rogach, 2009; Singh et al., 2017; Shevchuk et al., 2018).

In particular, treatment with the  triazole-based retardant paclobutrazole resulted in an increase in the area of the leaf surface in sweet potato plants and increased the content of reducing and non-reducing sugars in the leaves by 3.8%. The  preparation also increased the content of some amino acids and the  productivity of the  culture (Yooyongwech  et  al., 2017). The  processing of mango plants with paclobutrazol increased the  the crop yield and the  content of all forms of sugars in fruits (Sarker  et  al., 2016). This same preparation increased the content of carbohydrates in rice plants (Xiang et al., 2017). The use of paclobutrazole in the  budding phase of canola plants inhibited growth processes and increased the  accumulation of soluble sugars, sucrose, and starch in stems and fruits while reducing their content in the  roots. The  retardant increased the  efficiency of the  utilization of carbohydrates by plants that had a positive effect on the crop yield (Hua et al., 2014). Soybean seeds were treated with uniconazole, another derivative of triazole. There was a decrease in the area of the leaf surface and increased productivity (Yan et al., 2015). The same retardant brought about an increase in the content of starch in plants of Landoltia punctata (Liu et al., 2014).

The application of the  mixture of paclobutrazole and chlormequat chloride on a perennial ryegrass culture reduced the linear size of plants and increased the  mass of raw and dry matter of the plant. Under the influence of a  retardant mixture, the  content of sugars increased and starch content decreased (Kasem, Abd El-Baset, 2015). Retardant chlormequat chloride and paclobutrazole increased sucrose content in lily leaves (Zheng et al., 2012). Other scientists found out that chlormequat chloride accelerated the outflow of soluble sugars from leaves to fruits in corn plants and increased the protein content in its leaves (Wang et al., 2016). This retardant increased the content of reducing sugars and starch in potato tubers (Koteswara Rao et al., 2017). The  growth of the  content of soluble sugars and amino acids under the  influence of chlormequat chloride was also observed in ginkgo seedlings (Zhang et al., 2013). The use of cycocel on hemp plants has led to an increase in the  content of reducing sugars in male plantlets compared with control variants (Sardoei et al., 2014). Cycocel also increased the total sugar content due to reducing forms of grapevine plants (Kumbar et al., 2017).

Photosynthetic productivity of plants during vegetation is considered the basis of the functioning of donor-acceptor relations in the depot system of assimilates – growth. It is known that in plants, the  concept of donor-acceptor relations is determined by the system of direct and inverse relationships (Yu  et  al., 2015), where photosynthesis processes serve as the main donor, and the processes of growth and deposition of substances in the stock as acceptors of assimilates (Kiriziy et al., 2014).

Assimilates refer to different compounds that the plant assimilates during carbon photosynthesis, primarily transport and storage forms of carbohydrates, which are considered the basis of energy and metabolic processes, as well as “building material” in the processes of growth and development at all levels of the organization of a plant organism (Kiriziy et al., 2014). It is also known that stockpiling substances of various types play an important role in the  buffer between photosynthesis as a  “source” of assimilates, and the  growth of the structural matter of vegetative, stock, and reproductive organs, as a  “runoff” of assimilates, which to some extent determines the independence of growth processes from photosynthesis (Singh et al., 2017).

Carpogenesis is a powerful “attracting” centre in plant ontogenesis, the  process of fruit growth and formation. It is also used as neoplasms due to photosynthesis, and is temporarily deposited in the vegetative organs – sugars and starch. The analysis of scientific data shows that when applying retardants in the  process of vegetation, a large amount of carbohydrates is formed in the leaves of experimental plants that accumulate and form a powerful reserve of plastic compounds used to form a strong stem, to form more fruits, and to improve the quality of the crop yield.

The growth of crop yields under the  influence of gibberellin inhibitors was noted in vegetables (Tkachuk, 2015; Rogach, Poprotska, Kuryata, 2016; Yooyongwech et al., 2017); fruiting (Sarker et al., 2016); oilseeds (Kuryata, Hodanic’ka, 2012; Kuryata, Polyvanyj, 2015; Kuryata, Poproc’ka, 2016; Sardoei et al., 2014), and leguminous (Golunova 2015; Yan  et  al., 2015) cultures.

However, scientific literature contains practically no data on the comparative effect of antigibberellin preparations with different mechanisms of action on the depositing activity of vegetative organs. Therefore, the purpose of our paper was to study the peculiarities of the accumulation and redistribution of various forms of carbohydrates and nitrogen during the vegetation period in the aubergine cv. “Almaz”, under the action of tebuconazole, chlormequat chloride, and ethephon in connection with crop productivity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To study the influence of antigibberellin preparations of tebuconazole (EW-250), chlormequat chloride (CCC-750), and ethephon (2-chlo-roethyl phosphonic acid) on morphogenesis and productivity of the  culture of aubergine cv. “Almaz”, small-land field experiments were conducted in the plots of the agricultural farm “Barzhan P.  G.”, in Gorbanivka village, Vynnitsia district, during the  growing season of 2013–2015. Aubergine seeds were sown in greenhouses on 3 March 2013, 5 March 2014, and on 9 March 2015. The seedlings were planted on 22 May 2013, 29 May 2014, and on 12 May 2015 by a tape method with the formula 80 + 50 + 50 × 25. Mineral fertilizers N₅₀Р₄₀К₃₀ were introduced. The  area of the  land was 33 m², the repetition was fivefold.

The plants were sprayed in the  morning with a  paddle sprayer СО-12 “Marolex” until full wetting of leaves with a 0.25% solution of chlormequat chloride, 0.025% solution of tebuconazole and 0.15% solution of the  ethephon into the  budding phase 7  July 2013, 10  July 2014, and on 19 July 2015. The control plants were sprayed with water.

Phytometric indicators were determined on 15 plants. The content of sugars and starch was determined by the  iodometric method, and the  content of total nitrogen was determined by the  Kjeldahl method. During the  growing season, the  content of the  amount of chlorophylls in the fresh material was determined by spectrophotometric method on a spectrophotometer SF-16. The repeatability of biochemical studies was fivefold (AOAC, 2010). The text, tables, and graphs present the arithmetic mean and their standard errors. The results were statistically processed with Statistica 6.0 software package. One-factor dispersion analysis was used. Differences between the  mean values were calculated by ANOVA, they were considered reliable at P ≤ 0.05 (Van Emden, 2008).

RESULTS

The results of our research indicate that retardants tebuconazole and chlormequat chloride and ethylene producent ethephon cause changes in the  anatomical and morphological and biochemical parameters of the aubergine cv.  “Almaz”. It was established that the preparations inhibited the  linear growth of experimental plants. The  most significant inhibition of plant growth was observed after the  application of the  ethephon. This preparation reduced the  linear size of the  plants by 27% (Table 1). Aubergine treatment with tebuconazole and chlormequat chloride shortened plant height by 15% and 14% respectively (Kuryata  et  al., 2016). Similar results under the influence of these drugs were also observed by other researchers (Golunova, 2015; Kuryata, Poprocka, 2016; Tkachuk, 2015).

The main place of assimilate synthesis, which spreads to all other organs and directly affects the content of carbohydrates in the vegetative and generative organs of plants, is the leaf.

Therefore, it is advisable to detect the changes in the  quantitative parameters of the  leaf apparatus as the  triazole-based retardant tebuconazole caused their significant growth (Table 1).

Under the  influence of this preparation, the number of leaves per plant increased by 16%, and the mass of dry leaf matter by 31%. Processing of aubergines with chlormequat chloride increased the  number of leaves by 7%, while the mass of dry leaf matter increased by 24% (Kuryata et al., 2016). Similar changes have also been documented by other scientists (Kuryata, Polyvanyj, 2015; Kuryata, Hodanic’ka, 2012). Ethylene producent ethephon significantly reduced both the amount and the mass of their dry matter (Kuryata, Kravets, 2016).

From the standpoint of photosynthetic activity, the index of the specific surface density of the leaves is essential, which shows the totality of structures providing photosynthesis and indirectly indicates the thickness of leaf blades. We found out that all gibberellin inhibitors increased it by 14–16% (Kuryata et al., 2016).

Gibberellin inhibitors, different in their mechanisms of action, influenced the  area of leaves in different ways. Ethephon critically reduced this index, retardant tebuconazole increased significantly (22%), and chlormequat chloride practically did not change it (Kuryata et al., 2016).

Given the  changes in the  quantitative indices of the leaf apparatus of aubergines after their treatment with growth regulators, we recommend to study the peculiarities of accumulation and redistribution of different forms of carbohydrates between plant organs in the ontogenesis process.

The analysis of the  dynamics of sugars in the  root indicates that during the  vegetative season, there is an outflow of sugars from the underground vegetative organ, mainly due to reducing forms (Fig. 1). We found out that treatment with antigibberellin preparations contributed to the  accumulation of sugars in the first half of the vegetation due to reducing forms and increased their outflow during carpogenesis. The  highest amount of sugar was observed after treatment with tebuconazole. The content of starch in the roots decreased in the  first half of the  vegetative season and increased in the second one, when treatment with growth inhibitors slowed the process of accumulation of polysaccharide (Fig. 1).

Note. * – Р ≤ 0.05.

Having thoroughly analysed the  dynamics of accumulation of sugars in aubergine stems, we state the fact of their accumulation at the beginning of vegetation and their outflow from the axial vegetative organ to the leaves and fruits after the  flowering phase, both in the  control and in the experiment variants, due to reducing forms (Fig.  1). The  use of antigibberellin preparations intensified the outflow of sugars to the leaves and fruits. The amount of starch in stems under the action of tebuconazole during the growing season was less than that in the control variant, and processing by ethephon significantly increased the content of polysaccharide in the stems. We believe that starch accumulation is a negative phenomenon since it inhibits the process of transportation and the transformation of assimilates into economically valuable substances characteristic of this culture.

The study of the  dynamics of accumulation and redistribution of sugars and starch in leaves and fruits is highly important in terms of the theory of donor-acceptor relations in a plant (Fig. 1). Having examined the content of sugars in the leaves of aubergines, we state the fact of their accumulation in the first half of the vegetative season and their outflow to the fruits after the end of the flowering phase, both in the control and in the experiment variants due to both the reducing form and sucrose. It was found that the  ethylene productent ethephon was not of high importance, and the retardants tebuconazole and chlormequat chloride greatly increased the outflow of sugars from the leaves of experimental plants. The results of our research show that during the  vegetative season, the  re-utilization of starch from leaves transpieres both in control and in the experiment variants. Antigibberellin preparations intensified this process.

Fig. 1. Influence of growth regulators on the content of various carbohydrate forms in plant organs of aubergines cv. Almaz.
 – amount of sugar; –  reducing sugars; –  starch. А – roots; B – stems; C – leaves; D – fruits. І – control; ІІ – 2-CEPA; ІІІ – EW-250; IV – ССС-750 1 – processing date; 2 – day 10 after processing; 3 – day 20 after processing; 4 – day 30 after processing; 5 – day 40 after processing. This is the average data for 2013–2015.

Having investigated the  dynamics of accumulation of various forms of carbohydrates in the fruits of aubergines, we found that during the  vegetative season there was an intensive accumulation of these, mainly due to reductive forms of sugars and to a lesser extent due to both sucrose and starch (Fig. 1). Retardants tebuconazole and chlormequat chloride increased the content of sugars in aubergine fruits by 7–40% and the content of starch by 5–36%. Under the action of ethephon, the amount of sugar in the  fruits dropped to 14%, reducing sugars to 15% and sucrose to 12% compared to the control variant. The content of starch under the influence of ethylene producent during vegetation decreased by 6–18%.

Increased accumulation of carbohydrates in the aubergine fruits treated with retardants tebuconazole and chlormequat chloride caused an increase in the dry mass of one fruit by 34% and 47% respectively. Under the action of ethephon, this indicator decreased by 26% compared with the control variant (Table 2).

The results of our reasearch indicate that the  application of growth inhibitors led to changes in the  accumulation and redistribution of various forms of nitrogen (Fig. 2). It was established that the  application of retardants tebuconazole and chlormequat chloride increased the outflow of nitrogen from the aubergine roots due to both protein and non-protein forms. At the  end of the  investigated period, the indicator decreased by 6–18% compared to the control variant. In the meantime, the growth of all forms of nitrogen in the tissues of the root was observed in all the control variants. Under the action of ethephon, the content of total and protein nitrogen was close to control variants.

Having analysed the dynamics of the accumulation of nitrogen-containing compounds in the  aubergine stems, we found that there was a  decrease in the  content of non-protein forms of nitrogen and the  growth of protein nitrogen during vegetation both in control and experiment variants (Fig.  2). After processing with retardants, the  process of utilization of both protein and non-protein nitrogen was intensified, and the ethylene producent slowed down the outflow of all forms of nitrogen from the stems.

Investigation of the dynamics of the accumulation of different forms of nitrogen in the aubergine leaves established that treatment with growth and development regulators increased the content of protein nitrogen. The most significant increase in protein nitrogen in the course of vegetation occurred after the use of tebuconazole, and at the end of the research after treatment with the ethephon (Fig. 2).

It was also established that retardants tebuconazole and chlormequat chloride increased the  content of protein nitrogen in the  leaves of aubergines in the  flowering phase and at the beginning of carpogenesis due to the formation of a more powerful photosynthetic apparatus of plants, with the subsequent strengthening of the  outflow of proteins to the  fruits that are actively formed at this time. This fact was confirmed by the increase in the content of chlorophylls in the leaves of plants treated with preparations and the  specific surface density of leaves (see Table  1). After processing with the ethephon, only the processes of the accumulation of protein nitrogen in the leaves were observed (Fig. 2).

Note. * – Р ≤ 0.05.

Fig. 2. Influence of growth regulators on the content of various forms of nitrogen in plant organs of aubergines cv. “Almaz”.
 – total nitrogen;  –  protein nitrogen. А – root; B – stems; C – leaves; D – fruits. І – control; ІІ – 2-CEPA; ІІІ – ЕW-250; IV – ССС-750. 1– processing date; 2 – day 10 after processing; 3 – day 20 after processing; 4 – day 30 after processing; 5 – day 40 after processing. This is the average data for 2013–2015.

After analyzing the dynamics of accumulation and redistribution of different forms of nitrogen during the process of fruit formation, we found that their content, either in control and in the  experiment variants, decreased or did not change. After processing of the aubergines with retardants tebuconazole and chlormequat chloride, accumulation of different forms of carbohydrates in the fruits of aubergine resulted in a  decrease in the  content of protein nitrogen. More vigorously, protein nitrogen was re-utilized after using chlormequat chloride. Ethephon practically did not change this indicator in comparison with the control variant (Fig. 2).

The reduction of the protein nitrogen content in the vegetative and generative organs of aubergines under the  influence of retardants tebuconazole and chlormequat chloride was accompanied by an enhanced formation of the generative organs. In particular, at the end of the  research period, the  number of fruits per plant under the influence of retardants increased by 15% and 5% respectively.

A gibberellin-inhibitor-induced tendency of an increase in the non-protein forms of nitrogen in the fruits during vegetation was observed.

Consequently, antigibberellin preparations intensified the outflow of sugars from all vegetative organs to the fruits. The main stock polysaccharide form – starch – accumulated only in the roots and stems.

Growth regulators intensified the process of the accumulation of protein form of nitrogen in the leaves, which correlates with the formation of a  more powerful photosynthetic apparatus and non-protein forms of nitrogen in the fruits.

Such changes in the accumulation and redistribution of plastic substances in aubergines led to an increase in crop productivity. The most effective in this case was the application of tebuconazole. Under its influence, the fruit harvest increased by 28% compared to the control variant. The treatment with chlormequat chloride resulted in a 12% increase in the yield. The use of the esphone was ineffective in terms of biological productivity of culture.

DISCUSSION

It is common knowledge that the  regulation of donor-acceptor relations in the  system of a whole plant is carried out through the coordination of photosynthesis and the growth function, and any natural or experimental changes in the  rate of growth processes are accompanied by an adequate reorganization of the photosynthetic apparatus. The use of the inhibitors of gibberellin allows changes in the  growth rates of certain organs of a plant, resulting in a possible redistribution of flows of assimilates to economically important tissues and organs (Kuryata et al., 2016).

Reducing the  request for assimilates after the  application of retardants and ethylene producers creates the  effect of their excess in the  plant, which is directed to the  increased growth of lateral organs and stocks. The phenomenon of inhibition of growth processes in the axial organs of aubergines recorded by us was accompanied by an increase in the quantitative parameters of the leaf apparatus. Similar effects were observed in sweet potato plants under the influence of poclofurtazole (Yooyongwech  et  al., 2017), in soybean plants under the  action of uniconazole (Yan  et  al., 2015), and after treatment of perennial ryegrass plants with chlormequat chloride (Kasem, Abd El-Baset, 2015).

The growth of the number of leaves, the mass of their dry matter, and the area of the leaf surface contributes to the increase in photosynthetic productivity of the  plant, which simultaneously increases with the decrease of expenses of assimilates on growth processes, followed by redistribution to other tissues and organs of plants. In this regard, it is highly significant to establish the direction of movement of plastic substances in the plant. The results of our research testify to the fact that under the influence of retardants of tebuconazole and chlormequat chloride during the vegetation, the content of sugars and starch in vegetative organs of aubergines constantly decreased, and it increased at the  expense of sugars, namely, reducing their forms, in fruits. Such changes in the  dynamics are consistent with the general concept of the functioning of the plant organism “source-runoff”.

The  slowdown of the  linear growth by the  retardants led to an increase in the  content of carbohydrates in the vegetative organs of aubergines compared with control variants. The  excess of plastic substances accumulated in the first half of the vegetation under the influence of preparations transported more actively to the fruits. It is with this that we can link the  increase in re-utilization of starch in vegetative organs throughout the  vegetational period. The growth of carbohydrate content in the vegetative and generative organs of plants under the  effects of the  retardants was mentioned by other researchers. Paclobutrazole increased the content of sugars in sweet potatoes (Yooyongwech  et  al., 2017), mangoes (Sarker  et  al., 2016), rice (Xiang  et  al., 2017), and canola (Hua  et  al., 2014). Chlormequat chloride caused a rise in the total content of sugars in perennial ryegrass (Kasem, Abd El-Baset, 2015), sucrose content in lilies (Zheng  et  al., 2012), and the  starch content in potatoes (Koteswara Rao et al., 2017).

The results of our research indicate that the blocking of the formation of the hormone-receptor complex in aubergines under the influence of ethylene producent ethephon had a stronger growth-inhibitory effect than the interruption of the synthesis of gibberellin with tebuconazole. In our opinion, excessive inhibition of growth processes under the effect of the exphasus also caused inhibition of the processes of transporting substances in the plant, which eventually led to the  accumulation of assimilates in vegetative organs, while reducing the content of sugars in the fruits, which negatively affected the crop productivity.

In the meantime, there was a more moderate inhibition of linear growth and transport processes of substances on the  plant under the influence of tebuconazole and chlormequat chloride, which created an excess of plastic substances that were actively led to the fruits and participated in the  processes of carpogenesis. The formation of an excess of sugars was ensured not only by photosynthetic processes and their lesser use in growth processes, but also as a result of increased hydrolysis of starch in vegetative organs of aubergines under the  influence of tebuconazole.

The literature contains information on improving the productivity of crops under the influence of other triazole-based preparations. In particular, the  use of paclobutrazol increased the  productivity of sweet potato (Yooyongwech et al., 2017), mango (Sarker et al., 2016), canola (Hua et al., 2014), jamun (Hegde et al., 2018), and uniconazol caused the  increase in soybean yields (Yan et al., 2015).

It is known that there is a decrease in nitrogen content in vegetative organs due to its outflow to flowers, fruits and seeds, as well as the use of growth processes in the plant as a whole in the process of vegetation. The obtained results allow us to state that the  formation of a  greater number of fruits under the  influence of tebuconazole and chlormequat chloride has led to an increase in the outflow of this element from the roots and stems to the  leaves and generative organs. In our opinion, an increase in the content of protein nitrogen in the leaves treated with retardants is a  confirmation of a  better assimilation of the  assimilate donor by an enzyme device, which is considered an additional factor in the activation of photosynthetic processes under the influence of retardants. The reduction of the  nitrogen content in the  fruits during the  vegetative season under the  influence of the retardants is obviously due to the biodegradation of the element due to the formation of a larger number of fruits.

Thus, the  use of retardants tebuconazole and chlormequat chloride contributed to the  formation of the  donor sphere of aubergines, strengthening of their assimilation potential, the temporary deposition of photoas-similates and nitrogen-containing compounds in the vegetative organs of the plant, followed by the active re-utilization of these compounds for the needs of the formation and growth of the fruits. The consequence of such a restructuring of the donor-acceptor system of plants is the increase in the crop of aubergine culture under the actions of this group of preparations. Excessive inhibition of growth and exchange processes in aubergines under the  influence of ethylene producent ethephon caused a decrease in the  productivity of the  culture, despite a  number of positive morphometric, physiological, and biochemical effects that manifested themselves after the application of the preparation.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of an antigibberelin preparation with different mechanisms of action led to changes in growth processes, the  leaf apparatus, and the accumulation and redistribution of various forms of carbohydrates and nitrogen in the organs of aubergines cv. “Almaz”. Interruption of gibberellin synthesis by tebuconazole and chlormequat chloride inhibited the activity of the apical meristems, which led to a decrease in the linear size of the stem with a simultaneous compensatory increase of lateral and marginal meristems activity. This led to the formation of more leaves, the area growth, and leaf surface density, which indirectly indicates thickening of the leaf plates compared to control. Optimization of the apparatus contributed to the activation of photosynthetic processes, which resulted in increased synthesis of plastic substances. Producing more fruits, the  main acceptors of assimilates, under the  influence of the retardants increased the outflow of sugars and starch from the vegetative organs, which in turn could further stimulate the donor function of the leaves. Triazole derivatives and onyx inhibitors of gibberellin enhanced the  outflow of various nitrogen forms from the roots and the  stem with simultaneous growth in the  leaves due to the  protein form, which clearly correlates with the increase in chlorophyll content. The natomic-morphologicaland physiological-biochemical changes mentioned above contributed to the increase in the fruit yield from each plant.

Ethyleneproduct esphon excessively inhibited the  growth processes in the  aubergine, which adversely affected the biological productivity of the crop.

Received 7 January 2020
Accepted 10 February 2020

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Viktor Rogach, Kateryna Reshetnyk, Volodymyr Kuryata, Tatyana Rogach

GIBERELINO INHIBITORIŲ POVEIKIS ĮVAIRIŲ FORMŲ ANGLIAVANDENIŲ IR AZOTO TURINČIŲ JUNGINIŲ KAUPIMUISI IR PERSISKIRSTYMUI SOLANUM MELONGENA L.

Santrauka

Tebukonazolas 0,025  % (EW-250), chlormekvato chloridas 0,25 % (CCC-750) ir esfonas 0,15 % (2-CEPA) daro poveikį Solanum melongena L. augimo procesams, lapų formavimuisi, chlorofilo koncentracijai, įvairiems angliavandenių junginiams bei bendrajam azoto kiekiui. Nustatyta, kad panaudojus šiuos preparatus sumažėja baklažanų matmenys. Ryškiausiai ūgį mažina 2-HEPC. Išvardyti retardantai didina lapų skaičių, lapų sausųjų medžiagų masę, lapų plotą, chlorofilų kiekį ir lapų paviršiaus tankį. EW-250 ir ССС-750 retardantai paskatino angliavandenių kaupimąsi baklažanų vaisiuose. Auginimo sezono metu baltyminio azoto kiekis šaknyse ir stiebuose sumažėjo tiek kontroliniame, tiek eksperimentiniame variante. EW-250 ir CCC-750 pagreitino bendro ir baltyminio azoto nutekėjimą iš šaknų ir stiebų, padidino jo kiekį lapuose. Padidindami angliavandenių kiekį vaisiuose, retardantai kartu sumažino įvairių azoto junginių kiekį. Tebukonazolo poveikis bendro azoto kaitai pagreitino augalo vaisių formavimąsi. Taigi EW-250 ir ССС-750 retardantai pakeitė donoro ir akceptoriaus santykį, padidindami medžiagų nutekėjimą iš vegetatyvinių organų į vaisius, o kartu ir augalų produktyvumą.

Raktažodžiai: Solanum melongena L., antigiberelino preparatai, cukrus, krakmolas, bendras azotas, produktyvumas

* Corresponding author. Email: k.reshetnyk@donnu.edu.ua